What must exist in order for a hazard to be deemed a risk?

The reason that an identified health threat with a completed exposure pathway must exist for a hazard to be deemed a risk is rooted in the fundamental principles of risk assessment. A hazard refers to a potential source of harm, while risk quantifies the likelihood and consequences of that harm occurring as a result of the exposure.

In this context, a completed exposure pathway is critical because it demonstrates that individuals are not only exposed to a hazard, but also that there is a tangible link connecting the hazard to potential adverse health effects. This pathway typically includes the source of the hazard, a mechanism of transmission, and a receptor (i.e., the person or population) that may be affected. Without this complete understanding of how a hazard can affect health, it is impossible to assess the risk accurately.

The other choices, while related to health and safety, do not directly address the core requirements for defining a risk. For instance, while health officer assessments and safety training can contribute to risk management and reduction, they do not inherently establish whether a specific hazard poses a risk. Similarly, merely having safety violations does not necessarily correlate with increased risk unless those violations indicate an incomplete or ineffective exposure pathway.